Livelihoods Terms
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24 terms
Baseline
The quantified analysis of sources of food and income and of expenditure for households in each wealth group over a defined reference period.
Baseline storage sheet
A spreadsheet that enables field teams to enter, check and analyse individual interview data in the field, and to analyze and summarize field data during the interim and final data analysis sessions.
Baseline year
See Reference year.
Coping strategies
Activities to which people resort in order to obtain food, income and/or services when their normal means of livelihood have been disrupted or other shocks/hazards decrease their access to basic needs.
Hazard
A dangerous phenomenon, threat, human activity, or condition that can cause or precipitate disaster. Hazards pose a potential threat to life, health, property, or the environment and can be natural or induced by human processes. Most hazards are dormant, with only a potential risk of harm. Once a hazard becomes "active,” it is called a shock (or in some cases, a hazard event).
Household (HH)
A group of people, each with different abilities and needs, who live together most of the time and contribute to a common economy, and share the food and other income from this.
Household economy
The sum of ways in which a household acquires its income, its savings and asset holdings, and by which it meets its food and non-food needs.
Household Economy Analysis (HEA)
Analysis that defines a livelihood based on geography, systems of production, and wealth. It considers the interaction of all economic groups, specifically as to sources of food and cash, assets and opportunities, and options at times of crisis.
Livelihood baseline
The quantified analysis of household livelihood options including a detailed breakdown of sources of food, cash and expenditure patterns, and coping capacity for households in each wealth group over a defined reference period.
Livelihood profile
Reports that describe wealth groups and compare their various sources of food and income.
Livelihood protection threshold
Also, Livelihood protection needs
The total income required to sustain local livelihoods. This means total expenditure to:
Ensure basic survival (that is, all items covered in the survival threshold),
Maintain access to basic services such as health and education,
Sustain livelihoods in the medium to longer term, for example, purchasing of seeds or veterinary drugs, and
Achieve a minimum locally acceptable standard of living, for example, purchasing basic clothing or coffee/tea
See Survival threshold.
Livelihood strategies
The ways in which households utilize and combine their assets to obtain food, income and other goods and services.
Livelihood zone maps
Maps that illustrate the country by zone, showing areas where people generally have the same options for obtaining food and income and engaging in trade.
Livelihood zones (LZ or LHZ)
Geographical areas within which people share broadly the same patterns of access to food and income, and have the same access to markets.
Livelihoods
The means by which households obtain and maintain access to essential resources to ensure their immediate, medium-term, and long-term survival.
Livelihoods protection needs
Amount of food and cash income required to sustain local livelihoods. This means total expenditure to:
Ensure basic survival
Maintain access to basic services (health, education)
Sustain livelihoods in the medium to longer term, e.g. purchase of seeds or veterinary drugs
Achieve a minimum locally acceptable standard of living (e.g. purchase of basic clothing or coffee/tea)
Outcome analysis
An analysis of how access to food and cash for each wealth group will be affected by a defined hazard, and of the extent to which other food or cash sources can be added or expanded, or non-essential expenditure reduced, to make up the initial shortages.
Reference period
A defined period (typically 12 months) to which the baseline information refers, needed in order to analyze how changes in the future (in production, for example) can be defined in relation to the baseline. Typically chosen to reflect average or normal conditions.
See Reference year.
Reference year
Also, Baseline year
A defined recent consumption year to which the livelihood baseline information refers. A reference year is needed in order to analyze how changes in the future (in production, for example) can be defined in relation to the baseline. A reference year is usually a 12-month consumption year that begins with the start of the consumption year (i.e., start of main harvest in cropping areas and main rains in pastoral areas). Ideally, a reference year represents a "typical" year, neither especially bad nor especially good. There may be acute food insecurity in a typical year.
Seasonal calendar
A graphical presentation of the months in which food and cash crop production and key food and income acquisition strategies take place, also showing key seasonal periods such as the rains, periods of peak illness and the hunger season.
Utilization
Physical utilization of food at the household level.
Biological utilization of food at the individual level.
Vulnerability
People are vulnerable to particular hazards if they are expected to be unable to cope with a defined hazard; for example, they are vulnerable to crop failure if such a hazard is likely to reduce their access to food or cash below a defined threshold.
Wealth breakdown
The process by which people within a livelihood zone are grouped together using local definitions of wealth and the quantification of their assets. The level of division depends on how the community view their society, and the purpose of the analysis.
Wealth group
A group of households within the same community who share similar capacities to exploit the different food and income options within a particular livelihood zone.