Australia Data Book

Last update: August 3, 2025

This page contains information about some of the data available in the FEWS NET Data Explorer (FDE) for Australia. This is not a comprehensive guide.

For information about using the filters and fields for specific domains in the FDE, see Choose a Data Domain.

Summary table

Country context

Statistical reporting units

Australia usually uses administrative units as their statistical reporting units.

Administrative (admin) units are the geographical areas into which a country is divided. FEWS NET uses the following terminology: National boundary = admin 0, First sub-national division = admin 1 (e.g., states in the United States), Second sub-national division = admin 2 (e.g., counties in the United States), and so on.

Australia is divided into

Admin 1: State: The six federated states of Australia are “partially sovereign, administrative divisions that are self-governing polities, having ceded some sovereign rights to the federal government” – Wikipedia, August 2025.

Admin 2: Territory: There are 10 federal territories, of which 3 have ceded some of their sovereign rights to the federal government, and 7 which are entirely governed either by a state or another territory.

Crop data

Explore our crop data.

View our documentation on using the Crop Domain.

Crop estimate data sources

The Australian Bureau for Agricultural and Economic Resources Service (ABARES, https://www.agriculture.gov.au/abares) is the organization charged with evaluating crop production. It publishes 4 Crop Reports per year (March, June, September and December) describing current crop conditions and providing quantitative estimates for recent crops, forecasts for current crops, and a running history of crop statistics for each state.

“The Australian Crop Report is released quarterly in March, June, September and December. The June edition contains ABARES first forecasts of Australian winter crop production at the state level for the next Australian financial year (July to June). It also contains updated estimates of previously released summer crop forecasts. The September edition contains ABARES first forecasts of Australian summer crop production at the state level for the current Australian financial year. It also contains updated estimates of previously released winter crop forecasts. The December and March editions contain updates to both winter and summer crop forecasts for that Australian financial year” – ABARES.

A partner organization working with FEWS NET on its global sub-national agriculture dataset, the Spatial Production Allocation Model (SPAM) activity, managed by IFPRI, has submitted Australian source documents and crop data that have helped to update the country's record of production.

Crop reporting units

Crop data are primarily reported at the admin 1 (state) level, although 2 of the 8 states have not reported their relatively minor agricultural production in recent years.

Admin 1 statistical reporting units are generally divided into either a Northern or Southern region, often related to strong north-south differences found in seasonal growing conditions.

• Northern: Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Australia.

• Southern: Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, Southern Australia, Tasmania, Victoria.

Other agricultural reporting is sometimes available at an “SD” (small area) level, but its quality and potentially poor ability to accurately represent the entity it is intended to describe is highlighted by the source org, ABARES, itself.

Year and season definition

Since 1984, the Australian agricultural cropping year runs between October 1 and September 30 (year+1, e.g., October 2023 to September 2024). It is common to refer to Australian cropping years using a two-year notation (e.g., 2018-2019), but if only one year is mentioned, it refers to the first year of the two, as in XXXX/YYYY = XXXX.

Example: The 2018/2019 cropping year may be described as 2018.

Although most agricultural statistics are reported as annual crop-year estimates, most crops are generally described as either, or both, “summer” and/or “winter” crops, whose cropping periods vary between the northern and southern regions of the country.

Summer

Summer crops principally include: wheat, barley, canola, lentils and chickpeas.

Summer crops in the Northern Region are planted from September to February (year+1), with harvests from February to May.

Summer crops in the Southern Region are planted from October to Dec, with harvests from March to June (year+1).

Winter

The main Winter crops include: sorghum, cotton and rice.

Winter crops in the Northern region are planted from March to July, with harvests from September to December.

Winter crops in the Southern Region are planted from May to late July, with harvests from late October to January (year+1).

Methodology

A full description of the crop assessment and forecasting methodology used by ABARES is available in the FEWS NET document management system. It is entitled "The Australian Agricultural Forecasting System (AAFS), ABARES, March 2022.